PREPOSITIONS IN, ON, AT.

PREPOSITIONS IN, ON, AT.

A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.
 Preposition in usage with periods of times and places.
Examples:
• Months = in April
• Seasons = in winter
• Country = in Greece
• City or town names = in New York
• Times of the day = in the morning, afternoon, or evening.
Exception: at noon, at night
 Preposition on usage with specific days.
Examples: on Friday, on New Year’s Day, on April 16
Note: American English = ‘on the weekend’ or on ‘weekends’
 Preposition at usage with specific times and specific places.
Examples: at 7 o’clock, at 6.15, at night, at school
Note: British English = ‘at the weekend’ or ‘at weekends’

NEWS ITEM

NEWS ITEM

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
 Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
 Generally using Simple Past Tense
 Use of Material Processes to retell the event
 Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
 Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
 Focus on Circumstances
 Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

OFFERING

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Nia : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?
Mrs. Owyendz: Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Nia : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering

* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

PASSIVE VOICE (PASSIVE SENTENCE)

PASSIVE VOICE (PASSIVE SENTENCE)

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
 The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.
 Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
 Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
 Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
 Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
 Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
 Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
 Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
 Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
 Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.
Ø I remember especially the scenery.
Ø I’ll never forget that
Ø I’ll always remember.
Ø I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?
Ø Remember that?
Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!
Ø I know.....
Ø It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
Example..
It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Wati : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Wati : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?
* Do you know...?
* Do you happen to know...?
* I'd like to know...
* Could you find out...?
* I'm interested in...
* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...
* I'm calling about...

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Attic People store things in the attic.
Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room A room where people eat.
Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder A small room used for the storage of food.
Library A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/
Guest Room A room where guests sleep.
Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Things you may find around the house

light bulb(s) plug(s) socket(s) torch(es)

ceiling light(s) lamp(s) curtain(s) shelf (shelves)

(tele)phone(s) box(es) plug(s) battery (batteries)

photo(graph)(s) television table mirror


picture
washtafel
bathtupe lamp


Example:
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
It's Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating.
Joan : Steve, you missed a bit.
Steve : Where?
Joan : Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Steve : Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light.
Joan : I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Steve : Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?
Joan : Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in.
Steve : I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.
Joan : Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.
Steve : One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.
Joan : Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Steve : Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive is to describe a particular person, place, thing or event. It consist of identification and description.
• Identification : identifies the phenomenon to be describe.
• Description : describe parts, qualities and the characteristics of the person, place, thing or event to be describe.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups


Example of Descriptive Text:

My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him

NOUN PHRASE

NOUN PHRASE

A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV

Modals in the past form
Modals
present ;Past
can ; could
will ; would
shall ; should
may ; might

1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.
ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.
 to express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example: David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.
ô To express polite requests
Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

FINITE VERB
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words.

The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.

INTRODUCTORY IT

A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.


In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program

Introductory it with seem, appear and look
• Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an invite phrase, a phrase with a greund in it or a clause.

• It looked doubtful wether she would come
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verb think, feel, count, consider etc….

• I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

Introductory it in question
 When wasit that th manager came?
It was at 10 am that manager came..

SURPRISES OR DISBELIEFS

Surprises or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/say when know/ hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.


To express surprise : Responding to express surprise:
-What a surprise ! -Yeah!
-That’s a surprises! -It is
-(Well), that’s very surprising! -Yup
- Relly? -Sure

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
*Do you know what?
*Believe it or not?
*You may not believe it, but…
*Can you believe this?

Example of expressing surprises:
 Amelia: whose motorbike is that?

 Safitri : It’s Ivan’s

 Amelia: Are you kidding me?

 Safitri: No, I’m not. I saw her ridding that motorbike this morning.

 Amelia: what a surprise!


Expressing Disbeliefs
Reza : Do you still remember the girl we met yesterday?
Evan : Yes.
Reza : I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her ridding car this morning.
Evan : A sport car?
Reza : Yes, she looked gorgeous!
Evan : I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Simple future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

Formation of sentences
1. Positive
(+) S + shall/will + V1
Ex : - I shall clean the room
- We will go to school
OR:
(+) S + be + going to + V1
Ex: - I am going to play tennis
- He is going to write a story

Notes : “shall” just can use for subject “ I and we”

2. Negative
(-) S + shall/will + not + V
Ex: - I shan’t buy a shirt
- He won’t clean the room
OR :
(-) S + be + not + going to + V
Ex: I am not going to give a present

Notes : shall not = shan’t,will not=won’t

3. Interrogative
(?) Shall/will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we play tennis?
Or:
(?) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex: Is she going to write story?

DIRECTED AND INDIRECT SPEECH

- Direct speech
Refers to reproducing another persons exact words or saying exactly what someone has said.
- Indirect speech
Refers to reproducting the idea of another persons words tfat doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.


In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech Indirect Speech


Now Then

Today That day/that night

Yesterday The day before/the previous day

Tomorrow The next day/following day

Last Week The Previous week

Next Week The following week


For example :

Direct speech Indirect speech
“I’m going to the cinema”, he said He said he was going to the cinema

NARRATIVE TEXT
Snow Maiden

Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true.
One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily.
Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire and she melted. Her friends were so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore. Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden's friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden. They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden. Days passed but their dreams never came true.
Poor them!


Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

Invitation

To invite someone
• I would like you to …
• We would be pleased if you could …
• Would you like to …?
• Shall we …?
• How about …?

To accept an invitation
• Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
• Yes, I would. Thanks.
• That would be very nice. Thank you.
• All right!
• O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation
• I would love to, but …
• That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
• That’s very kind of you, but …
• Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATIONS


Gratitude is expression that used to say thank you to other people

Kinds of gratitude expression are:
Thank you Very much.
Thanks.
I am grateful to…..
I want to thank…..
I want to exspress my gratitude to
I keep fotgetting to thank you for….

Respond of expressing:
-You are welcome
-Don’t mention it
-It was nothing at all
-No problem
-I am glad I could help

Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing:
What a nice dress?
You look very nice
I really must express my admiration for you
Excellent
Nice work

Time to expressing compliment:
On this/her general appearance.
If you notice something new the person’s appearance.
When other people do their best.

Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when a get a success.

Expressing:
 Let me congratulate you
 Congratulation on your successful business
 My congratulation on your success
 Good
 That’s great!
 Pretty good


Responding:
• Thank you
• thank’s, I needed that
• it’s very kind to say that
• Do you really think so?
• I’m glad you lie it. Thank

SOAL :
Past Tense
1. Past tense is…
2. Mention the pattern positive of past tense…
3.Mention the pattern negative of past tense…
4. Mention the pattern introgative of past tense…
True or false! Give (T) if the sentences true and (F)if that sentences false.
5.I was a student (….)
6.There were playing (….)
7.Denis were study (….)
8.My mother were cooking (….)
9.I was study yesterday morning (….)
10.Prisilia did not watched (….)

Present Tense
1. Present tense is…
2. Mention the pattern positive of present tense…
3. Mention the pattern negative of present tense…
4. Mention the pattern introgative of present tense…
True or false! Give (T) if the sentences true and (F)if that sentences false.
5.She does not sad (….)
6.Do he go to school by bus (….)
7.I’m not a waiter (….)
Question for 8-10
*Change into:
(+) form or
(-) form or
(?) form or
8.She is very happy
9.I do not go to school every day morning
10. Do they eat rice every day

Present perpect tense:PPT
True or false! Give (T) if the sentences true and (F)if that sentences false.
1.We had been there before the arrived (….)
2.Before she go out, she had look the door
3.The monkey has been jumped
4.They continued to study after they had taken a rest
5.My mother had arrived before I came
6. He has heard radio in badroom. Change this sentence
from (-) form and (?) form.
7. I haven’t prepare a gift cute for my mother. Change this sentence from (+) form and (?) form.
8.Has Anita just visited palma? Change this sentence
from (+) form and (-) form.
9.You haven’t just listened a beautiful voice from susi’s room. Change this sentence from (+) form and (?) form.
10.Anto has read a malin kundang story. Change this sentence from (-) form and (?) form.