Modals in the past form
Modals
present ;Past
can ; could
will ; would
shall ; should
may ; might

1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.
ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.
Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?
2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.
ô to express polite requests
Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.
Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem.
3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.
 to express the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.
4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example: David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.
ô To express polite requests
Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

FINITE VERB
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words.

The Crow and the Fox
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.

INTRODUCTORY IT

A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.


In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program

Introductory it with seem, appear and look
• Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an invite phrase, a phrase with a greund in it or a clause.

• It looked doubtful wether she would come
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verb think, feel, count, consider etc….

• I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

Introductory it in question
 When wasit that th manager came?
It was at 10 am that manager came..

SURPRISES OR DISBELIEFS

Surprises or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/say when know/ hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.


To express surprise : Responding to express surprise:
-What a surprise ! -Yeah!
-That’s a surprises! -It is
-(Well), that’s very surprising! -Yup
- Relly? -Sure

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
*Do you know what?
*Believe it or not?
*You may not believe it, but…
*Can you believe this?

Example of expressing surprises:
 Amelia: whose motorbike is that?

 Safitri : It’s Ivan’s

 Amelia: Are you kidding me?

 Safitri: No, I’m not. I saw her ridding that motorbike this morning.

 Amelia: what a surprise!


Expressing Disbeliefs
Reza : Do you still remember the girl we met yesterday?
Evan : Yes.
Reza : I can’t believe my eyes when I saw her ridding car this morning.
Evan : A sport car?
Reza : Yes, she looked gorgeous!
Evan : I don’t believe you. You must be dreaming.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Simple future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

Formation of sentences
1. Positive
(+) S + shall/will + V1
Ex : - I shall clean the room
- We will go to school
OR:
(+) S + be + going to + V1
Ex: - I am going to play tennis
- He is going to write a story

Notes : “shall” just can use for subject “ I and we”

2. Negative
(-) S + shall/will + not + V
Ex: - I shan’t buy a shirt
- He won’t clean the room
OR :
(-) S + be + not + going to + V
Ex: I am not going to give a present

Notes : shall not = shan’t,will not=won’t

3. Interrogative
(?) Shall/will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we play tennis?
Or:
(?) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex: Is she going to write story?

DIRECTED AND INDIRECT SPEECH

- Direct speech
Refers to reproducing another persons exact words or saying exactly what someone has said.
- Indirect speech
Refers to reproducting the idea of another persons words tfat doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.


In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech Indirect Speech


Now Then

Today That day/that night

Yesterday The day before/the previous day

Tomorrow The next day/following day

Last Week The Previous week

Next Week The following week


For example :

Direct speech Indirect speech
“I’m going to the cinema”, he said He said he was going to the cinema

NARRATIVE TEXT
Snow Maiden

Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true.
One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily.
Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire and she melted. Her friends were so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore. Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden's friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden. They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden. Days passed but their dreams never came true.
Poor them!


Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.